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The Aravalli range also forms the main watershed for north India, channelling the drainage of that part of northern India into the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The Luni river system rising from the western slopes of the Aravalli Range (near Ajmer) flows through the semi-arid transitional plains into the Rann of Kutch and Arabian Sea, while the Banas and other streams, rising from the eastern slopes of the Aravallis, join the Chambal. The Chambal, in turn, flows into the Yamuna-Ganga river system which drains into the Bay of Bengal. The main watercourses like the Banas, Sabarmati, etc. and the tributaries of the Luni, are more or less parallel to the Aravalli Range, one group flowing to the northeast and the other towards the southwest. The northwestern slopes of the Aravalli Range are influenced by the blown sands of the Thar desert, which has almost choked the drainage channels. Only seasonal streams feed the drainage of the Luni river. The Luni has several tributaries- mo

Meena Live in Jaipur district of Rajasthan is the most Meena tribe. Meena tribes in the most educated tribe word meaning fish / fishery. The Guru - muni magar sagar, panchayat head - Patel, god - bujh, Home - Tapra, Ishtdev - bhuriya baba/ Gautameshwar. These are three types of marriages. Brahma, Gandharva, Rakshas. These divorce, Cheda Phodna, Nata pratha, Aata - SATA (type of marriage). The panchayat says the chaurasi. Meena is made primarily of two kinds jamidar meena and chowkidar meena. Bhil Bhil tribe is the most Udaipur in live. This state is the most ancient and the other major tribe. Bhil Dravidian origin of the word "bill" is a leap from meaning. Naturals Goddess - Bradhi, Pthrkshk Goddess - Pthwari, Home - Kuo, head - Gameti, Mohalla - fala, village – pal, and the groom gives the bride price. The Rngosh Faire Faire Naturals, chaste tree - Mahua, banquet tradition of death. The cultivation of forests by burning Cimata naturals say, while in parts of the

It is the top most layer of earth which is very fertile and most important natural resources. Classification of Soils:- Old System of soil Classification New comprehensive System of soil classification Old System of soil Classification:- This system of soil classification is based on the soil as a natural body concept and has a strong genetic bias. According to this classification soils of Rajasthan are classified into eight soil groups. Desert Soils Dunes and Associated Soils Brown Soils Sierozems Red Loams Hill Soils (Lithosols) Saline Sodic Soils (Solonchaks) Alluvial Soils/and Black Soils Desert Soils: Districts - Nagaur, Jodhpur, Jalore, Barmer, Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar. Rainfal l- Less than 400 mm Texture - Sandy to Sandy loam It contains a high percentage of soluble salt & has high Ph value. It has varying percentage of calcium carbonate & generally poor in organic matter. These soils are pale brown, single grained

Types of Lakes Saline Water Lakes Sambhar, Deedwana, Pichhola, Panchpadra, Lunkaransar Sweet Water Lakes Jaisamand, Rajsamand, Fateh Sagar, Udai Sagar, Ana Sagar, Nakki, Pushkar, Siliserh, Kolayat, Balsamand Saline Water Lakes Sambhar Lake:- Situated - on the border of Jaipur and Nagaur districts Length - 32 Km Breadth - 3 Km to 12 Km Max. Lake Area - 234 Sq. Km Districts- Jaipur, Nagaur It is the largest Lake of Rajasthan It produces/makes 35 crore tons of common Salt (Nacl, No2 So4) Salt is manufactured by Solar Evaporation method from March to July Deedwana Lake:- Situated - near Deedwana Town in Nagaur district Length - 4 Km Breadth - 2 Km District - Depression is surrounded by sand dunes/Hills but in west surrounded by isolated spur of the Aravalli. Bed of the depression shows the presence of block clay. Pachpadra Lake:- Situated - near Pachpadra in Barmer district Districts - Barmer Area - 25 Sq. Km Area of salt pits in this lake - 5000 Sq. m I

Luni River : Origin - Nag Pahar Hills near Ana Sagar of Ajmer district Length - 350 Km Districts - Nagaur, Jodhpur, Barmer, Jaore Tributaries - Jawai, Sukri, Jojri, Bandi, Sagi, Litri & Ghuhia Reaches/Fall in - Rann of Kutch (in brine) It flows in West of Aravalli Hills Its water is sweet in Balotra but lower down it becomes more and more saline till the river ends. At the source, the river has a small catchment area of about 32 Sq. Km at Talod Road formed of Murran and Laterite. Pali city is situated on the bank of Bandi River. Jalore is on the bank of Sukri River Sheoganj city is on the banks of Jawai River. Sabarmati River : Origin - near Padrara near Kumbhalgarh Length - 317 Km (length in Rajasthan- 29 Km) District - Udaipur, Dungarpur Tributaries - Hathmati, Meshwa, Betrak, Majam, Baval, Reaches/Fall in - Gulf of Cambay. It is mainly a river of Gujarat Mahi River : Origin - Hills of Ammoru near Mhow (M.P.) Length - 576 Km Districts - Banswara, Dungar

Chambal River :- Origin - Janpao Hills (Vindhayan Range) Over Madhya Pradesh Length - 965 Km & Length in Rajasthan-370 Km Districts - Kota, Bundi, Barana, Sawaimadhopur, Dholpur Tributaries - Kali Sindh, Parbati Other Name - Charmawati Dam i. Rana Pratap Sagar in Chittorgarh ii. Kota Baraj in Kota iii. Jhewah sagar iv. Gandhi Sagar in Madhya Pradesh Special Feature :- It is the only Perennial River of Rajasthan Kota Baraj is only used for Trrigation Development of cheap Hydropower Kali Sindh River :- Origin – Dewas Hills (Madhya Pradesh) Length- 278 Km Districts - Jhalawar, Baran Tributaries - Parwan, Niwaj, Aahu Special Feature :- It is tributary of Chambal & it meet near Nonera village in Baran. Parbati River :- Origin - Northern slopes of Vindhyan Range Length in State - 65 Km Districts - Kota (Karyahat village) and in Madhya Pradesh Special Feature: It is the tributary of Chambal and it meet near Poh village Banas River :- Origin – Kh

Eastern Plain:- District - Tonk, Bundi, Amjer, Jaisalmer, Sawaimadohpur, Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Kota, Bhatratpur Percentage - 23.3% of total area of Rajasthan Location - South West of Rajasthan Eastern plain subdivided into three parts Chambal Basin Banas Plain Middle Mahi Plain Chambal Basin:- District - Kota, Bundi, Baran, Tonk, Sawaimadhopur, Dholpur Area - 4500 Sq. Km Average width - 10 Km Enter - From M.P. Tributanies - Kali Sindh, Parbati Banas Plain:- District - Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Bhilwara, Tonk, Jaipur, Alwar, Sawaimadhopur Average height - 280 – 500 m Area - 187400 Km³ is an elevated plain drained by Banas & its tributaries. It is essentially a peneplain Banas plain further sub-divided into- Mewar Plain Malpura-Karauli Plain: Mewar Plain: It is a dissected plain. Mewar plain gradually slopes towards the east & north east. Average height- 280-500 m The bonus & its tributaries Berach, Menal, Bandi, Mansi, Kothari, Kh

Aravalli Range & Hilly Region District - Alwar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Rajsmand, Udaipur, Sirohi and south west part of Tonk. Length – 692 Km (from Palanpur in Gujrat to Delhi) Average Height - 600 m Highest Peak - Gurushikhar (1722 m) In Rajasthan Aravalli Range starts from Sirohi & end at Khetri in Jhunjhunu. Aravalli range is not continues Structurally- It is composed of rocks which are originally related to the Delhi System. In south the range opens out to form several ridge. Aravalli range & hilly tract can be divided into following four parts. North Eastern Hills: Central Aravalli Range: The Mewar Rocky Region: The Abu Block: North Eastern Hills: Districts - Jaipur, Sikar, Khetri, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur Average Height - 300 m to 670 m Valleys between the hills are wide & in some cases stretch for many kilometer Flattered hill tops - form small plateau. To the east & north - it merge with Ganga - Yamuna plain Lake - Sambhar, Ramgarh

Physiographic Divisions There are four physiographic divisions of Rajasthan Western Sandy Plain Aravalli Range & Hilly Region Eastern Plain South-East Rajasthan Plateau (Hadoti Plateau) Western Sandy Plain District:- Hanumangarh, Sriganganagar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jalore, Sirohi, Pali, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Churu, Sikar & Jhunjhunu Area:- 1, 96,747 Sq. Km. Length:- 640 Km. Breadth:- 300 Km. River:- Luni- It rises in the Aravallis South West of Ajmer & flows toward South West.Tributaries- Sukri & Jawai Reaches/Fall in the Rann of Kutch (Arabian Sea) only during rainy season. It is a wide expanse of windblown sand, poorly watered & sterile Its eastern portion is known as Thar Desert which is perfectly dry & with desert plants. Western Sandy Plain & Pakistan face each other across International boundary for about 1070 Km. Western Sandy Plain further divided into two parts . Sandy Arid Plain Semi-Arid Plain/Bangur Region Sandy

Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Keoladeo Ghana National Park) Place:- Bharatpur, Rajasthan Best Time:- August to November or October to February. Special Attraction:- Cormorants, Eagles, Crane, Siberian Crane, Shanks, Ducks, Flycatchers, Buntings, Wheatears, Chital, Nilgai, Sambar, etc... Desert National Park Jaisalmer Place:- Jaisalmer, Rajasthan Best Time:- October to March Special Attraction:- blackbuck, chinkara, hare, wolves, desert cat, desert fox, bee-eaters, shrikes, bustards, falcons, larks, cranes, eagles, etc... Ranthambore National Park Place:- Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan Best Time:- October/ March and April to June. Special Attraction:- Tigers, Leopards, Boars, Sambar, Chital, Nilgai, Chinkara, Jackals, Jungle cats, Woodpeckers, Indian Gray Hornbills, Cuckoos, Grebe, Eagles, Darters, Cormorants, Egrets, Herons etc... Sariska National Park Place:- Alwar, Rajasthan Best Time:- October to April Special Attraction:- Tigers, Leopards, Wild Dogs, Jungle

Indira Gandhi Canal Project :- - This project previously known as Rajasthan Canal Project. - It is one of the biggest largest irrigation project not only in India but in whole world. - It covers an area 600 Km long and 45 Km wide of the Thar Desert in North West of Rajasthan. - RCP was first conceived on 29 October, 1948. - To rejuvenate to great desert. - The physiographic of the area is characterized by vast stretches of undulating windblown sand dunes which sometime rise above 60 m. - It was came to reality in 1951-53 - RCP was taken up by the Central Water and Power Commission in 1951. - Ar. To be irrigated annually- 29 Lakh acres. - Length of main canal- 445 Kms. - Length of branches- 832 Kms. - Depth of water- 6.25 m. - Bed width lined canal- 38 m. - Discharge at head- 18500 cusses - Length of distributaries and minors- 547 Kms. Stage I : This stage comprising construction of 204 Km long feeder canal, 189 Km long main canal and 3454 Km long distributaries Ori

Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project :- This project was started in 1971 Joint project- It is a joint project of Government of Rajasthan and Gujarat. The main dam built on R Mahi near Banswara Length- 3019 Km River Mahi starts from Vindhyan RTange in M.P. and it fall in Gulf of cambay through Gujarat Districts- Banswara, Dungarpur. There are four units of Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project. They are as follows :- First Unit The First Unit is meant entirely for irrigation. Second Unit The Second Unit belongs entirely to Rajasthan and it receives power and irrigational water. Third Unit - In Third Unit Rajasthan is entitled for power. - In Third Unit power generation scheme was taken up with the construction of 2 power houses. - The capacity of 2 power houses is 140 mw. - For extending irrigation facility in the command area, Bhikabhai Sagwara Canal is under construction. - It will provide additional irrigation facility to an area of 11818 hectares. Fourth Unit - In Fourth Unit Raj